Tuesday, March 27, 2018

NEWS FROM CONGRESSMAN ELIOT ENGEL


Engel Marks 8th Anniversary of the Affordable Care Act

  Congressman Eliot L. Engel, a top member on the House Energy and Commerce Committee, issued the following statement:

“It was my privilege to help craft the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and vote for its passage. In the eight years since it was signed into law, we’ve seen millions gain insurance coverage, new consumer protections codified, and essential services guaranteed for the first time, ensuring Americans get premium value for their dollars.

“But on top of that, we’ve seen the idea that health care is a right, not a privilege, face test after test and prevail every time. We have defeated Republicans’ incessant attempts to repeal the ACA, and have met head on the challenges posed by the Trump Administration. More than 4.3 million New Yorkers signed up for health care coverage during the most recent enrollment period – 700,000 more than in 2017, despite the Administration’s repeated attempts to sabotage the process.

“Now, it’s time to finish the work we started with the ACA. We must fight the Trump Administration’s insidious ploy to take away quality coverage by letting junk plans proliferate. We must reject policies like Medicaid work requirements that do nothing to bring care to those who need it. And we must once and for all commit ourselves fully to truly universal health care by passing H.R. 676, the Expanded & Improved Medicare For All Act.”


Engel Fights Opioid Crisis With New Legislation

  Congressman Eliot L. Engel, a top member of the House Energy and Commerce Committee’s Health Subcommittee, participated in a two-day subcommittee hearing this week examining solutions to the opioid crisis. The subcommittee considered more than two dozen bills, including two co-authored by Congressman Engel: H.R. 5272, the Reinforcing Evidence-Based Standards Under Law in Treating Substance Abuse (RESULTS) Act, and H.R. 5329, the Poison Center Network Enhancement Act.

The RESULTS Act, co-led by Congressman Engel and Congressman Steve Stivers (R-OH), would ensure that federal grants intended to treat mental health and substance use disorders fund activities that are backed by sound evidence. The legislation also ensures stakeholders have the necessary tools to emulate successful programs in their communities.

The committee also considered the Poison Center Network Enhancement Act, legislation co-led by Congressman Engel and Congresswoman Susan Brooks (R-IN). This bill will reauthorize the nation’s poison center program for an additional five years. Since 2011, U.S. poison centers have handled nearly 200 cases per day involving opioid misuse. Poison center experts have also helped detect trends in the epidemic and educated Americans about the crisis. This bill would ensure these activities continue. Congressman Engel co-authored the last poison center reauthorization, the Poison Center Network Act (P.L. 113-77), which was signed into law in 2014.

“More action is needed to turn the tide on the opioid crisis, which is why I have co-authored these two bipartisan bills,” Engel said. “Too many of our friends and neighbors have been touched by this heartbreaking crisis. In Westchester County, 124 people died due to opioids in 2016. In the Bronx, more New Yorkers died of overdoses than in any other borough. This has to stop.

“I hope that the solutions I’ve sponsored can help bring this public health emergency to an end – but the Trump Administration must act, too. Medicaid and the protections guaranteed by the Affordable Care Act have helped Americans grappling with substance use disorders get the treatment they need. If the Trump Administration is serious about ending the opioid epidemic, the attacks on these lifelines must end.”  




OPENING DAY CELEBRATION WHITEY FORD MURAL AND FREE SOUVENIRS


  The 161 st Street Business Improvement District (BID) is gearing up for Opening Day at Yankee Stadium.

 The Jeter Meter on River Ave.(bet 161 & 162 St.) reads, ”Welcome Back Yankees.”

 Free 28 IN 2018 buttons will be distributed to fans at Billy’s, The Dugout, Stan’s and Yankee Tavern (while supplies last).

 A new mural featuring Yankee legends, Joe DiMaggio, Whitey Ford and Thurman Munson, will be introduced by famed portraitist, Andre Trenier.

“Whitey Ford is a Hall of Famer who epitomizes victory,”said Dr. Cary Goodman, the BID’s founding, executive director.”Hopefully his portrait will bring a winning spirit to this year’s team, and we’ll celebrate 28 in 2018.”

Wednesday, March 28, 
11:00 AM, 
YANKEE TAVERN, 72 E. 161 ST STREET

Monday, March 26, 2018

Cynthia Nixon’s Full Remarks on Cuomo’s Budget and the Culture of Corruption in Albany


 For those of you who don’t know, I’ve been coming to Albany for a long time. I’ve come here with organizers and public school parents and students from all across the state to demand public schools in every district get the resources they need, regardless of the students’ zip code or skin color.

I’ve come here with activists from the LGBT community fighting to pass the Marriage Equality Law. I’ve come here with all the women and men who support Planned Parenthood who are fighting to not only protect, but expand our reproductive rights with the Women’s Equality Agenda (a bill that was defeated by Andrew Cuomo’s Republican-controlled Senate.) I’ve come to Albany mad as hell about Republicans. And I’ve come here mad as hell about corporate Democrats.

And now I’ve come to Albany to join my brothers and sisters here today, to say: it’s time for a change.

There’s something different in the air this year in New York and around our country that’s empowering us to fight back. In 2018, New Yorkers know that if we aren’t going to tolerate the gutting of our public schools by Betsy DeVos or the reckless greed and corruption in the White House, we certainly won’t tolerate it in our own backyard.

In 2010, Andrew Cuomo stood in front of the Tweed Courthouse in Manhattan announcing his run for governor on a promise to clean up Albany.

But he’s cleaned up Albany about as much as Trump has drained the swamp in Washington.

Governor Cuomo created the Moreland Commission, supposedly to investigate corruption, then shut it down the minute it started looking into his own activity.

His best friend and top aide, Joe Percoco, was just found guilty of bribery and corruption -- exactly the kind of bribery and corruption Governor Cuomo said he was going to get rid of. And in a few months, another top associate of the Governor will be put on trial for corruption around how the Buffalo Billion was spent.

But it’s important to understand that this illegal corruption is part of a larger system of legalized bribery and corruption. A system where Andrew Cuomo is taking 99.9% of his donations from large donors, corporations and the ultra-rich who want to rig our democracy for the few. It is the legal corruption of Andrew Cuomo making a back room deal to put the Trump Republicans in charge of the State Senate so he can blame them when he does not want to deliver on progressive legislation and tax hikes on multi-millionaires.

We must dismantle this system of legalized bribery in New York -- large corporations here can and do donate unlimited campaign contributions through the LLC loophole, thereby wielding tremendous power and influence over state policies that benefit them and only them. Increasingly we see a New York where so few have so much, and so many have so little.

This week four men are gathering inside a mansion to discuss New York’s budget -- a document that should be a list of priorities and values for our state. Joe Biden once said, “Don't tell me your values. Show me your budget and I'll show you your values.”

The Assembly under Speaker Heastie has a number of proposals that put forward values of fairness and justice.

And what values will the old boys club of Cuomo, Klein, and Flanagan be upholding in that mansion?

In Yonkers we have one guidance counselor for every 739 students. Libraries with librarians, no or few AP classes, crumbling buildings, special ed and other classes taking place in closets and hallways. In Utica we have 40 languages spoken, but a dearth of teachers for those many English language learners. Will Governor Cuomo continue to punt on fully funding all of New York’s public schools while children still don’t have adequate resources?

Governor Cuomo always talks about the average spending per pupil in New York State, but that ignores the reality that the wealthy, white schools spend $30,000 per pupil and in some cases $40,000 or $50,000 or even more. Our 100 wealthiest school districts spend almost $10,000 more per pupil than our 100 poorest to drive up that average. The Cuomo budget does not address students in Poughkeepsie or Yonkers or Central Brooklyn or so many other places.

Today I am here to join public school families from across New York in calling on Governor Cuomo and the Republican-IDC coalition in the Senate to embrace the plan put forward by the State Assembly Majority, and enact a budget that includes a $1.5 billion increase in school aid, including $1.2 billion in Foundation Aid and a plan to phase in the full $4.2 billion owed to our schools.

In 2014 Andrew Cuomo promised that he was going to expand pre-K to all New York’s children -- not just those in New York City. In fact, he declared had done it. Ala George Bush: MISSION ACCOMPLISHED! But four years later 79% of four year olds outside NYC lack full-day pre-K and under this Cuomo budget, it would take nearly 57 years to make full day pre-K universal. So there may not be hope for the vast majority of this year’s 4 year old’s but there’s hope for their GRANDCHILDREN.

Governor Cuomo’s entire argument on school funding is just one big excuse to ignore the lives of students who are black or brown or working class. The Cuomo budget does not value the lives of the majority of New York’s children.

At a time of record inequality, why should we accept $190 million in cuts to New York City’s already underfunded child welfare and juvenile justice services -- services that provide critical support for low-income children of color? The Cuomo budget contains a disastrous proposal to eliminate state funding for the Close To Home Program, which since it was introduced in 2012, has been credited with reducing the number of juvenile arrests by 52% and detentions by 37%.

Nearly 90% of the children caught up in New York City’s juvenile justice system are children of color. Why should we accept cuts that we all know will send more black and brown children into prison rather than good schools? Why should we accept more cops in our schools (making students feel like criminals) instead of guidance counselors that can help them work out problems? We need more library books and smart boards, not more metal detectors.

This fueling of the school-to-prison pipeline is how public education has now become the major civil rights issue of our time. It’s time for New York to move toward fairness and justice in our public school and criminal justice system. That’s why we can’t settle for more excuses on why we can’t go all the way on reforming pre-trial services and fully ending money bail in New York.

And at a time where millions of women are making their voices heard, why should we settle for sexual harassment policies that are being discussed behind closed doors without a single woman present? The Governor’s backroom deals have left us with a situation where Andrea Stewart Cousins (the leader of the Senate Democrats) is not in the room, but the king of the 8-member IDC Jeff Klein, who is accused of sexual misconduct himself, is.

When Speaker Heastie goes to the mansion, he is surrounded by an old boys club of one actual Republican and two wannabe Republicans. It’s clear those three men in the “room where it happens” have a system that gets each of them what he wants. And that they are working more for each other than they are for the people of New York.

In a few days, Governor Cuomo will walk out of that room and do what he always does: promise big, get some headlines, and ultimately hand all the power over to his buddies in the Republican Senate.

It’s all scripted. He deserves an Oscar for his performance. Some might say his lack of acting-experience makes him unqualified but I actually think he’s doing pretty well. Just goes to show you what a novice can do if they put their mind to it. In New York City, he puts on an entire Broadway Show to parade around as a progressive Democrat leading the resistance. But in Albany, he is deftly handing power over to the party of Donald Trump.

And New Yorkers are beginning to smell the truth. The Cuomo budget puts New York’s children at back of the bus while giving the best seats to millionaires and corporate freeloaders.

Meanwhile, members of the Assembly have supported adding three new income tax brackets for multi-millionaires. They have proposed taxing luxury real estate and real estate speculators. Even the progressive revenue plan the Governor claims to support -- closing the carried interest loophole which allows hedge fund managers to pay a lower capital gains rate on their income -- is doomed to fail because the Republican led coalition he engineered in the Senate won't have it.

Governor Cuomo says he believes making the ultra-rich pay their fair share would drive them out of New York. Or he once again blames everything on the Republican Senate that he put in power in the first place -- or he simply bullies everyone around him, women especially.

I have seen Andrew Cuomo mansplaining and lecturing women on sexual harassment. I have read about him lecturing Andrea Stewart-Cousins that Jeff Klein is more qualified in understanding suburban voters than she is despite her being a Senator from the suburbs of Westchester.

We’ve all seen it: it’s Andrew the Bully. He bullies other elected officials, he bullies anyone who criticizes him and he even bullies the media with his references to your “small questions.”

But worst of all his budgets bully our children and our families by shortchanging them, boxing them in by denying them the opportunities they are owed. It reminds me of the behavior we see from Donald Trump every day.

Well my experience has taught me that there is only one way to deal with a bully. You have to stand up to him. You have to send a loud and clear message that you will not be bullied. And I am here to tell you, I am one woman who has the experience to say, that the people of New York are sick of being  bullied. We have had it with waiting and watching when the Cuomo budget bullies our children and families.

As always with Andrew Cuomo it is black, brown and low-income children who will get the worst end of the deal while developers, bankers, and hedge funds keep walking through Albany’s revolving door.

New York already has everything we need for each of us to thrive. It’s time to usher in a new generation of leadership who will fight for all New Yorkers, leaders like the people standing here with me today.

The old boys club in Albany might have a lot of money, they might have a lot of arrogance,-- but in the end, we must remember they only have as much power as We, the People, let them.

Bronx Man Charged In Connection With Shooting Of Livery Cab Driver


  Geoffrey S. Berman, the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, Ashan M. Benedict, the Special Agent-in-Charge of the New York Field Division of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (“ATF”), and James P. O’Neill, the Police Commissioner of the City of New York (“NYPD”), announced the arrest of MARIO POWELL for the armed robbery and shooting of a livery cab driver on March 17, 2018.  POWELL was arrested on Friday, March 23, 2018, by the ATF and the NYPD, and was presented before U.S. Magistrate Judge Kevin Nathaniel Fox in Manhattan federal court on March 24, 2018.  

According to the allegations in the Complaint:[1]
On March 17, 2018, POWELL called a livery cab in the Bronx, and directed the driver to a particular destination.  After arriving at the drop-off location, POWELL threatened the driver with a gun and demanded cash.  The driver handed over $23 in cash.  POWELL exited the cab and then shot the driver seven times. 
POWELL, 27, of the Bronx, New York, is charged with one count of Hobbs Act robbery, which carries a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison, and one count of discharging a firearm during a Hobbs Act robbery, which carries a mandatory minimum sentence of 10 years in prison and a maximum sentence of life in prison.  The maximum potential sentences in this case are prescribed by Congress and are provided here for informational purposes only, as any sentencing of the defendant will be determined by the judge.
Mr. Berman praised the efforts of the ATF and NYPD in this case.
[1] As the introductory phrase signifies, the entirety of the text of the Complaint and the description of the Complaint set forth herein constitute only allegations, and every fact described should be treated as an allegation.

Operation Bottomfeeder: A.G. Schneiderman Shuts Down Brooklyn Telemarketing Operation That Solicited Funds For Sham Veterans Charity


Settlement with Menacola Marketing Bars Company’s Owners from Fundraising for Any Charity; Requires them to Pay $100,000 to Reputable Charities Supporting Veterans
This is Latest in AG’s Operation Bottomfeeder, Targeting Shell Charities That Exploit Popular Causes To Line Professional Fundraisers’ Pockets
   Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman today announced that his office reached a settlement that shuts down Menacola Marketing, Inc., a telemarketing company that solicited on behalf of the National Vietnam Veterans Foundation (NVVF) – a sham charity previously shut down by the Attorney General – and other shell charities that exploited popular causes in order to line fundraisers’ pockets. The Attorney General shut down NVVF in 2016 after an investigation by his Charities Bureau revealed that NVVF raised millions of dollars through deceptive solicitations while providing almost no help to veterans. Today’s settlement is part of the Attorney General’s Operation Bottomfeeder, which has previously shut down other shell charities, such as the Breast Cancer Survivors Foundation.
Under this settlement, Menacola will dissolve and its principals, Joseph and Katherine DeGregorio, are permanently barred from fundraising for charity. The DeGregorios will also pay $100,000, which will be distributed to reputable charities supporting veterans.
“We have zero tolerance for shell charities that shamelessly exploit our veterans and other New Yorkers in need in order to line fundraisers’ pockets. New Yorkers should be able to donate with confidence and know that their money will actually support the causes advertised,” said Attorney General Eric Schneiderman. “Through our Operation Bottomfeeder, we’ll continue to aggressively pursue both bogus charities and the professional fundraisers who take advantage of New Yorkers’ good will.”
Click here to read the settlement agreement.
From 2010 to 2016, Menacola raised nearly $190,000 from New Yorkers for NVVF, using paid solicitors who made telemarketing calls from phone rooms in Brooklyn. For some calls, Menacola callers said they were fundraising for “NVVF.” At other times, the callers used an alternative name, “American Veterans Support Foundation,” claiming that it was a “special project” of NVVF. The investigation found that there was no such special project, and that the use of two names was just a way to raise more money. Menacola’s callers also told potential donors that their donations would be used to pay for help for veterans, including personal care packages, guide books of essential services, donations to food pantries, and transportation to and from medical appointments. In fact, 85 percent of the money raised went to Menacola, and an additional 4 percent went to companies controlled by Mark Gelvan, a New Jersey-based fundraiser who is banned from fundraising in New York. The little that went to the charity was squandered by abuse and mismanagement. 
The Attorney General’s investigation found that Menacola took no steps to verify the claims that its callers made about NVVF. In fact, in its fundraising for NVVF, Menacola used scripts provided by Gelvan, whom Menacola knew was banned from fundraising in New York because of prior fraud. New York law prohibits fundraisers from making false statements to raise money on behalf of charities.
This settlement is part of the Attorney General’s Operation Bottomfeeder, which addresses fraud networks of shell charities, abusive professional fundraisers, and accountants and other professionals who knowingly aid and assist their activities. Menacola also raised money for other Bottomfeeder charities, including the Breast Cancer Survivors Foundation, which the Attorney General shut down in 2017, and Cancer Fund of America, which was shut down in 2016after a landmark suit filed by all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Federal Trade Commission. In November 2017, the Attorney General joined 24 other AGs in shutting down VietNow National Headquarters, Inc., which used deceptive telemarketing solicitations falsely claiming the charity funded services, medical facilities, and treatment for veterans, while only sending 5 percent of donations to charitable programs.
More information about the Attorney General’s Charities Bureau and organizations regulated by the Bureau may be found at www.charitiesnys.com.

BRONX TEEN SENTENCED TO 15 YEARS TO LIFE IN PRISON FOR KILLING MAN HE PURCHASED CELLPHONE FROM THROUGH CRAIGLIST


Defendant Found Guilty By Jury Of Second-Degree Murder 

  Bronx District Attorney Darcel D. Clark today announced that a 19-year-old Bronx teen has been sentenced to 15 years to life in prison for fatally stabbing a man from whom he purchased a cellphone through a Craigslist ad. 

 District Attorney Clark said, “The defendant killed a man over a petty cellphone squabble and then callously fled with the victim’s possessions. For this heartless act, this teen will spend the majority of his life behind bars.” 

 District Attorney Clark said the defendant, Dalen Joseph, 19, of 140 Benchley Place, was sentenced on March 23, 2018 to 15 years to life in prison by Bronx Supreme Court Justice Martin Marcus. Joseph was found guilty of second-degree Murder on Feb. 16, 2018 following a two-week-long jury trial.

 According to the investigation, on July 15, 2015, on the corner of Fordham Road and Jerome Avenue, the defendant bought an iPhone from Isaac Fashakin, 32, who had advertised the item on Craigslist. After meeting up and purchasing the phone, the defendant asked Fashakin to meet again to buy another phone, claiming the phone he purchased was locked. Upon meeting again, Joseph stabbed Fashakin six times, causing his death, and robbed him of his wallet, credit cards, cash and other cellphones the victim intended to sell.

 District Attorney Clark thanked Detective Brian Shea of the NYPD Bronx DA squad and Officers Brian Vanduzer, Edmundo Rivera, and Raymond Perez of the 52nd precinct as well as Officer Keslyn Grant of the 109th precinct, formerly of the 52nd precinct.

District Manager Search Committee meeting


This was sent out by Bronx Community Board 8 this morning at 10 AM. Please tell me what is wrong?

Please see attached and below District Manager Search Committee meeting agenda for tonight'smeeting.

NOTICE OF MEETING


District Manager Selection Committee


Location:        Board Office
5676 Riverdale Avenue, Suite 100
Bronx, NY 10471

Date:               Monday, March 26, 2018

Time:              5:45 p.m.



  1. Discussion of District Manager Selection for Bronx Community Board No. 8 
Bronx Community Board No. 8
5676 Riverdale Avenue, Suite 100
Bronx, NY 10471-2194
Tel: 718-884-3959  Fax: 718-796-2763
Visit us on the web: www.nyc.gov/bronxcb8
 
Serving the neighborhoods of Fieldston, Kingsbridge, Kingsbridge Heights, Marble Hill, Riverdale, Spuyten Duyvil, and Van Cortlandt Village

CITY ANNOUNCES EXPANSION OF ACTIONNYC OUTREACH AND IMMMIGRATION LEGAL SERVICES IN BROOKLYN, MANHATTAN, AND QUEENS


   Acting Commissioner Bitta Mostofi of the Mayor’s Office of Immigrant Affairs announced the expansion of ActionNYC to provide additional immigration legal services to high-need populations in their community and in their language. ActionNYC, the City’s premier program providing free and safe immigration legal services, has awarded six community-based organizations and legal service providers with nearly $700,000 in funding to provide additional services across the city. These organizations are uniquely positioned to meet community-specific needs due to their strong local ties and well-established cultural and linguistic competence. This expansion of services will address immigrant legal services, particularly for hard-to-reach immigrant communities. Through these efforts, ActionNYC will be expanding and deepening service provision to Chinese, Korean, and South Asian New Yorker serving organizations/communities. Services are expected to launch late spring/early summer of 2018.

“We have made the largest local investment in immigrant legal services in the nation because we know that our neighbors are under threat from the Trump Administration,” said Mayor Bill de Blasio. “By working with community organizations, we can connect with immigrant residents at local sites they already frequent and reach more New Yorkers in need.”

“The City is committed to reaching more New Yorkers through free and trusted immigration legal services, including communities who’ve traditionally had fewer interactions with city government. By building on our partnerships with community organizations, this expansion of ActionNYC will fill gaps in the field and strengthen services for immigrant New Yorkers in Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Queens, through sites they already know and trust,” said Bitta Mostofi, Acting Commissioner of the Mayor’s Office of Immigrant Affairs. “This funding will enable more immigrant New Yorkers to gain full understandings of their legal options, including opportunities for immigration relief.”

“In a city where close to 40 percent of our residents are foreign-born, ActionNYC is a critical tool to connect immigrant New Yorkers to services and assistance for a wide range of legal needs,” said Department of Social Services Commissioner Steven Banks. “This expansion will allow the City to go even further in providing help in communities with a high need for these ActionNYC services. We are proud of our collaboration with MOIA for this important work.”

“As a proud partner with MOIA on a number of initiatives, we are excited about the expansion of ActionNYC and the important support it offers to immigrant New Yorkers at this critical time,” said Matthew Klein, Executive Director of the Mayor’s Office for Economic Opportunity. “Our office’s multiple collaborations with MOIA, including the ActionNYC Capacity-Building Fellowship, provide funding, data analysis, and program assessments and reflect our commitment to the immigrant community and belief in the central role it plays in making our city great.”

New York City is home to 3.1 million immigrant residents, and threats to programs such as DACA and TPS, as well as increased immigration enforcement, have dramatically increased the need for free and trusted immigration legal services. ActionNYC’s Capacity-Building Fellowship, beginning last June, provided funding, training, and technical assistance to immigrant-serving community organizations across the five boroughs. In order to continue building the capacity of local organizations to provide support to their communities and address gaps in services, ActionNYC undertook an extensive consultation process to receive input from community-based organizations, legal service providers, and residents. Based on this assessment, ActionNYC is expanding and deepening service provision in Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Queens for immigrant communities that are particularly hard to reach, including recently arrived populations from Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean.

ActionNYC awarded nearly $700,000 to six community-based organizations and legal services providers to support connecting hard-to-reach immigrant communities with free, safe, and high-quality immigration legal services at trusted community sites and in their language. This funding will go towards ensuring that linguistically competent staff conduct targeted outreach so that community members from hard-to-reach immigrant populations are connected to legal services. Individuals will also be connected with other ancillary benefits, including social services, Medicaid, and IDNYC. Organizations will receive legal technical assistance, including legal trainings and assistance in gaining or maintaining recognition and accreditation from the U.S. Department of Justice’s Office of Legal Access Programs (OLAP). With this support, more New Yorkers will receive comprehensive immigration legal screenings and, where needed, legal representation over the course of the next year.

The organizations receiving funding are:

·         Council of Peoples Organization (COPO)
·         Chhaya Community Development Corporation (Chhaya CDC)
·         Korean Community Services (KCS)
·         Lutheran Social Services of Metropolitan New York (LSSNY)
·         Chinese-American Planning Council (CPC)
·         New York Legal Assistance Group (NYLAG)

Through these new partners, ActionNYC services will be provided in the Kensington and Midwood neighborhoods in Brooklyn, Chinatown in Manhattan, and in Bayside, Flushing, and Jackson Heights in Queens. In addition, two of the organizations receiving funding are part of ActionNYC’s Capacity-Building Fellowship: CPC and COPO.