Mayor Issues Directive Clarifying Responsibility to Provide Care When SMI Prevents Someone From Meeting Their Basic Needs
Mayor Announces 11-Point Mental Health Legislative Agenda for Upcoming Session in Albany
NYC to Launch Tele-Consult Line to Provide First Responders in Field With Direct Access to Clinicians
New York City Mayor Eric Adams today announced a new pathway forward to address the ongoing crisis of individuals experiencing severe mental illnesses left untreated and unsheltered in New York City’s streets and subways. In a public address, Mayor Adams detailed a compassionate new vision to tackle this crisis, beginning with a directive being issued immediately to city agencies and contractors involved in evaluating and providing care to individuals in psychiatric crisis so that more people in need of help receive it. Mayor Adams also laid out an 11-point legislative agenda that will be among his top priorities in Albany during the upcoming legislative session. The agenda takes aim at gaps in New York State’s Mental Hygiene Law that intensify the city’s challenges in meeting the needs of its most vulnerable residents with severe mental illness. Finally, Mayor Adams announced new clinical co-response teams deployed in New York City’s subways to respond to those with serious mental health issues, as well as an enhanced training in partnership with New York State for all first responders to compassionately care for those in crisis.
In accordance with state law and court precedent, Mayor Adams’ directive clarifies that outreach workers, city-operated hospitals, and first responders have the legal authority to provide care to New Yorkers when severe mental illness prevents them from meeting their own basic human needs to the extent that they are a danger to themselves. The directive — issued by Mayor Adams today — seeks to dispel a persistent myth that the legal standard for involuntary intervention requires an “overt act” demonstrating that the person is violent, suicidal, or engaging in outrageously dangerous behavior likely to result in imminent harm.
Mayor Adams also announced today that the city is developing a tele-consult line to provide police officers in the field with direct access to clinicians. This new tele-consult line will provide critical clinical advice to police officers when dealing with individuals in distress and ensure a compassionate response for those suffering with untreated serious mental illness.
Measures in Mayor Adams’ legislative agenda announced today include:
- Making the law explicit that a person requires care when their mental illness prevents them from meeting their own basic needs;
- Mandating that hospital clinicians consider a range of factors when assessing a patient’s need for involuntary admission or retention, including known treatment history and current ability to adhere to outpatient treatment;
- Requiring hospitals to screen all psychiatric patients prior to discharge for their need to receive “assisted outpatient treatment” (court-ordered care under “Kendra’s Law”);
- Allowing a broader range of trained mental health professionals to perform evaluations and community removals of individuals in crisis; and
- Requiring hospitals to notify known community providers when their clients are admitted or released and collaborate with community providers in preparing patients for discharge.
Ahead of the winter months — when homelessness typically increases on subways due to the cold weather — the Adams administration has begun deploying subway clinical co-response teams, made up of joint patrols of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) and the New York City Police Department (NYPD), to patrol high-traffic subway stations and respond with a clinician-led approach to those appearing to have serious mental health issues.
Finally, in partnership with New York State, the city will also provide comprehensive training to all clinicians, outreach workers, and first responders to ensure compassionate care that potentially could include involuntary removals when interacting with individuals in distress suffering from severe mental illnesses. The city will be rolling out this training immediately.
“With this announcement, we are bolstering our strategies to get people who are in danger due to untreated severe mental illness the help they need,” said Deputy Mayor for Health and Human Services Anne Williams-Isom. “We are adding layers of additional support for our first responders to work with clinical specialists in the moment and at the time it is needed, and we are pursuing all other areas for assistance: Health, social services, legal, and legislative. Thank you to our teams across government working to see that this is a coordinated, whole-of-government effort.”
“You can’t effectively have public safety without adequate mental health care — the two go hand-in-hand,” said Deputy Mayor for Public Safety Philip Banks III. “For too long, public safety personnel’s hands have been tied in getting those in need care before they hurt themselves or others. These directives and proposals are a common-sense way to clear those impediments and get help for those who need it most.”
“The NYPD works day and night to improve the quality of life of all New Yorkers, especially our city’s most vulnerable populations,” said New York City Police Department (NYPD) Commissioner Keechant L. Sewell. “This is a longstanding and very complex issue. And we will continue to work closely with our many partners to ensure that everyone has access to the services they require. This deserves the full support and attention of our collective efforts.”
“Responding to New Yorkers in need is the mission of the Fire Department, and we are proud to partner with Mayor Adams in addressing this critical public safety issue,” said Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) Commissioner Laura Kavanagh. “Our mission is simple: To be there for all New Yorkers when they need help and provide critical mental health care.”
“People living with serious mental illness deserve to live their lives with dignity, respect, and free from discrimination and stigma,” said DOHMH Commissioner Dr. Ashwin Vasan. “As a city, this work — at the intersection of public safety and mental illness — represents part of the larger strategy, which is centered on providing everyone living with serious mental illness the basic building blocks of recovery: Health care, a home, and a community. We know that focusing on these pillars will reduce the number of people we see in need on our streets and in our subways to begin with, and is consistent with Mayor Adams’ focus on balancing prevention and intervention. The city is galvanized to address the broader issue of supporting people with serious mental illness to improve health, prevent suffering and isolation, and improve their quality of life. In the coming weeks, we’ll be turning to trusted community groups to inform a comprehensive vision aimed at improving access to care and housing and reducing social isolation.”
“We are proud of our cross-agency partnership with the city’s Health Department, Health + Hospitals, NYPD, and FDNY-EMS to develop these new protocols and trainings” said Mayor’s Office of Community Mental Health (OCMH) Director Eva Wong. “Helping our fellow New Yorkers most in need get connected to care is a top priority for OCMH. These new protocols and trainings will ensure that agencies and systems responsible for connecting our community members with severe mental illnesses to treatments are working in unison to get them the support they need and deserve. We look forward to continuing our work with city and state agencies as we partner to bring compassionate care to all New Yorkers.”
“With today’s announcement, Mayor Adams has reaffirmed his commitment to meeting the concurrent crises of untreated mental illness and unsheltered homelessness head on,” said New York City Department of Social Services (DSS) Commissioner Gary P. Jenkins. “As part of the Subway Safety Plan, DSS-DHS outreach staff and our partners are making great strides to connect New Yorkers experiencing homelessness in the subways to critical shelter services. This new plan builds on existing efforts like these to more efficiently and effectively engage New Yorkers experiencing mental health crises and ensure they receive the services they often desperately need. We commend the mayor for continuing to lead on this issue and assembling the resources necessary to support our neighbors in need.”
“The city has a moral obligation to assist homeless New Yorkers suffering from untreated severe mental illness who are unable to meet their basic needs to such an extent that they are a danger to themselves,” said New York City Corporation Counsel Sylvia Hinds-Radix. “The mayor’s comprehensive plan demonstrates this administration’s commitment to using every tool at its disposal to ensure outreach workers, city-operated hospitals, and first responders are able to provide the necessary care that these individuals so desperately need.”
“As the largest provider of behavioral health care in New York City, NYC Health + Hospitals plays a critical role in the serious mental illness continuum of care,” said Mitchell Katz, MD, president and CEO, NYC Health + Hospitals (H+H). “We will work with our partners in the city and state to ensure that our patients receive the highest quality of care. I want to thank Mayor Adams for his commitment to New Yorkers in need.”
“Today’s announcement reaffirms Mayor Adams’ commitment to addressing the needs of some of the most vulnerable New Yorkers,” said Mayor’s Office of Criminal Justice Director Deanna Logan. “Investment in public health solutions, including mental health treatment, is critical to keeping New Yorkers safe. Necessary solutions like those outlined today will result in safer, healthier communities for all.”
Since taking office in January, the Adams administration has made significant investments to address the severe mental health crisis afflicting New Yorkers and connect individuals suffering from untreated severe mental illness to care. In February, Mayor Adams rolled out the “Subway Safety Plan” to connect people experiencing homelessness on the subway to shelter. Since that launch, the city has effectively connected more than 3,000 people experiencing homelessness, some of whom are also in mental health crisis, to shelters and safe havens.
Mayor Adams has also doubled down on investments in community supports for those living with serious mental illnesses, including investing in the expansion of the city’s clubhouse program. Clubhouses follow an evidence-based model of psychiatric rehabilitation: A one-stop treatment facility that helps people with severe mental illnesses through their recovery by providing peer support, access to services, employment and educational opportunities, socialization, and recreation in a safe, restorative, and structured setting. DOHMH is expanding the capacity at some of the most successful clubhouses, with the goal of engaging 500 more members this fiscal year. The Adams administration also launched CONNECT: Continuous Engagement between Community and Clinic Treatment earlier this year as a new model of mental health treatment that focuses on holistic care, including for people experiencing severe mental illness.
Mayor Adams’ address, as prepared for delivery, can be found below:
Good morning, New York City. I want to talk to you about a crisis we see all around us: People with severe and untreated mental illness who live out in the open, on the streets, in our subways, in danger and in need.
We see them every day, and our city workers are familiar with their stories. The man standing all day on the street across from the building he was evicted from 25 years ago, waiting to be let in. The shadow-boxer on the street corner in Midtown, mumbling to himself as he jabs at an invisible adversary. The unresponsive man unable to get off the train at the end of the line without assistance from our mobile crisis team.
These New Yorkers and hundreds of others like them are in urgent need of treatment, yet often refuse it when offered. The very nature of their illnesses keeps them from realizing they need intervention and support. Without that intervention, they remain lost and isolated from society, tormented by delusions and disordered thinking. They cycle in and out of hospitals and jails.
But New Yorkers rightly expect our city to help them. And help them we will.
For the past eleven months, my team and I have studied the challenge of severe mental illness in the streets of our city. We have spoken to those who suffer from it and the experts who treat it. We have analyzed data gathered by our outreach teams. We have worked across many agencies, and we have consulted with our partners at the state level.
I want to update you on the results of these efforts and lay out the next phase of our plan to address this urgent and complex challenge.
My administration is determined to do more to assist people with mental illness, especially those with untreated psychotic disorders who pose a risk of harm to themselves, even if they are not an imminent threat to the public. It is not acceptable for us to see someone who clearly needs help and walk past.
For too long, there has been a gray area where policy, law, and accountability have not been clear, and this has allowed people in need to slip through the cracks. This culture of uncertainty has led to untold suffering and deep frustration. It cannot continue.
We need to change that culture and clarify our expectations. No more walking by or looking away. No more passing the buck.
Going forward, we will focus on action, care, and compassion. If severe mental illness is causing someone to be unsheltered and a danger to themselves, we have a moral obligation to help them get the treatment and care they need.
Today, we are embarking on a long-term strategy to help more of those suffering from severe and untreated mental illness find their way to treatment and recovery. It begins with an immediate shift in how we interpret our obligation to those in need and calls upon our outreach workers to take deeper actions and more intensive engagements.
We can no longer deny the reality that untreated psychosis can be a cruel and all-consuming condition that often requires involuntary intervention, supervised medical treatment, and long-term care. We will change the culture from the top down and take every action to get care to those who need it.
To do this, we will need significant help from our partners in Albany. I want to thank Governor Hochul for her support on this issue. Thanks to her leadership, we have greater resources and a stronger commitment to making progress on one of the most enduring challenges facing our city. She has been an excellent partner in our efforts, and I look forward to working with her and the State Legislature to address the longstanding gaps in our state Mental Hygiene Law.
To begin that process, our team has developed an 11-point legislative agenda to address those gaps, and getting it enacted will be a major priority for us in 2023. This agenda is already available online and to the public. But even as we move forward on that agenda, there is much we can do now by properly interpreting and carrying out existing law.
Job one is to make it universally understood by our outreach workers, hospital staff, and police officers that New York law already allows us to intervene when mental illness prevents a person from meeting their basic human needs, causing them to be a danger to themselves. This policy has been confirmed in written guidance from our state Office of Mental Health.
Yet a common misunderstanding persists that we cannot provide involuntary assistance unless the person is violent, suicidal, or presenting a risk of imminent harm. This myth must be put to rest. Going forward, we will make every effort to assist those who are suffering from mental illness and whose illness is endangering them by preventing them from meeting their basic human needs.
And let me be clear: We will continue to do all we can to persuade those in need of help to accept services voluntarily. But we will not abandon them if those efforts cannot overcome the person’s unawareness of their own illness. In short, we are confirming that a person’s “inability to meet basic needs,” to the extent that it poses a risk of harm, is part of the standard for mental health interventions.
And we will accomplish this in five specific ways.
First, we have issued a new directive to our Department of Health and Mental Hygiene mobile crisis teams, FDNY-EMS, and the NYPD. This directive lays out an expedited, step-by-step process for involuntarily transporting a person experiencing a mental health crisis to a hospital for evaluation. It explicitly states that it is appropriate to use this process when a person refuses voluntary assistance and it appears that they are suffering from mental illness and are a danger to themselves due to an inability to meet their basic needs. We believe this is the first time that a mayoral administration has given this direction on the “basic needs” standard in official guidance.
Second, our mobile crisis teams and police officers will receive enhanced training on how to assist those in mental health crisis. There will be a new focus on the need to intervene in situations where an individual appears to be suffering from mental illness and in danger due to an inability to meet their basic needs. This will include an in-depth discussion of what “inability to meet basic needs” means and an array of options to consider before resorting to involuntary removal.
The first training to incorporate this new focus took place this morning, and we will soon roll it out to all current members of the mobile crisis teams and the NYPD.
Third, we will be launching a hotline staffed by clinicians from our H+H hospitals that will provide guidance to police officers who encounter individuals in psychiatric crisis. State law already authorizes a police officer to make a judgment call to have a person involuntarily removed to a hospital. But many officers feel uneasy using this authority when they have any doubt that the person in crisis meets the criteria. The hotline will allow an officer to describe what they are seeing to a clinical professional, or even use video calling, to get an expert opinion on what options may be available.
Fourth, we will develop a special cadre of clinicians paired with NYPD officers dedicated to the difficult work of getting New Yorkers in crisis into care. These specialized intervention teams will have the training, expertise, and sensitivity to ensure that those in need are safely transported to a hospital for evaluation.
Fifth, we will work to have the “basic needs” standard for involuntary intervention explicitly written into state law. This is point number one in our 11-point legislative agenda that I mentioned earlier. State law already gives us the scope and authority to help those who are unable to meet their own needs. But to have it clearly spelled out in legislation will help dispel the misconception that we must wait for a threatening, violent, or suicidal act to get those in crisis the help they need. We will also seek a common-sense expansion of the criteria that a hospital doctor considers in deciding whether or not to discharge a psychiatric patient.
All too often, a person enters a hospital in crisis and gets discharged prematurely because their current behavior is no longer as alarming as it was when they were admitted. The law should require hospital evaluators to consider not just how the person is acting at the moment of evaluation but also their treatment history, recent behavior in the community, and whether they are ready to adhere to outpatient treatment.
Our agenda also calls for allowing a broader range of licensed mental health professionals to staff our mobile crisis teams and perform these evaluations. This will help us get more outreach teams on the ground and enable hospital psychiatrists to spend more time providing medical care directly to patients.
We will also seek changes in the law to improve communication between inpatient and outpatient treatment providers, allowing better continuity of care and discharge planning. And we will look to extend the reach of one of our most successful programs — “assisted outpatient treatment” — also known as “Kendra’s Law.”
When used, Kendra’s Law has been shown to help those with severe mental illness avoid repeat hospitalization and arrest. But we know that many who stand to benefit from this approach are not finding their way into the program. To remedy that, hospitals must be required to screen all psychiatric patients for Kendra’s Law eligibility.
These relatively simple changes to the law will have an outsized impact. They will strengthen our mental health laws and incorporate what we’ve learned through experience. And they will do so without threatening anyone’s civil or legal rights.
This plan represents a major shift in how we care for our fellow New Yorkers in crisis, even as we build on improvements we have already made over the past 11 months. It is the logical extension of what we have been doing from day one of this administration to repair our broken mental health system. That includes the Subway Safety Plan that put more outreach workers and police officers on the trains and platforms, and increased investment into drop-in centers, safe havens, stabilization beds, and Street Health Outreach and Wellness vans. The result so far has been over 3,000 New Yorkers connected with care, support, and shelter.
Our city also implemented the B-HEARD pilot program, which deploys social workers and EMTs to respond to nonviolent mental health 911 calls, and we have worked with the Sanitation Department to remove illegal encampments throughout the city, many of them extremely dangerous for those living there.
We want all New Yorkers to have access to a safe place to live, and we are working to expand the supply of supportive and low-barrier housing. We are also piloting innovative models to connect people in shelter with the services they need to succeed — including Medicaid Home- and Community-Based Services, which includes mental health care, socialization, and connection to housing.
We will be enrolling appropriate people living in shelter into specialized, Medicaid-managed long-term care plans. This will offer them enhanced services with the goal of stabilizing their medical conditions, increasing connection to health care services, reducing hospitalizations, and increasing access to community housing.
We are adding more Support and Connection Centers and increasing investment in other community support options. And we have launched our CONNECT program, which offers continuous engagement between clinical and community partners. We are also exploring ways to use Medicaid funding to provide services to people in shelter, including those with severe mental illness. There is a huge role for the federal government to play here.
All of these efforts are based on our core conviction that people with severe mental illness deserve care, community, and treatment in the least restrictive setting possible. Some may see the policy shift announced today as a departure from that goal. But let me be clear: When we hospitalize those in crisis, it will be with a sense of mission to help them heal and prepare them for an appropriate community placement.
We can’t just stabilize people for a few days and send them back out into the city. We must build a continuum of care that helps patients transition into step-down programs and eventually into supportive housing.
But nobody should think decades of dysfunction can be changed overnight. The longest journey begins with a single step, and we can’t wait another day to take this one. We must lead with a sense of purpose and conviction, not get lost in a wilderness of bureaucracy and fear. We must train, teach, and empower our city workforce to get help to those who need it — and know that our city supports them in this effort. We must build out a system that will bring people into care, alleviate their pain, keep them from harming themselves or others, and get them treatment and support they need in the long term.
Those suffering from severe mental illness have more than a right to exist or survive. They have a right to health care, housing, and treatment. A right to dignity and respect. A right to safety and security. And above all, a right to hope. Hope for treatment, community, and healing. Hope that their future will be safe and that their illness can be managed. But that hope starts with a spark of engagement on our part, followed by a strong and supportive program of help and housing.
We owe our brothers and sisters that much. And, in helping them, we will also be protecting the rights of every New Yorker to live, work, thrive, and be safe.
